The closer the probe tip is to the positive plate, the more electrons are attracted from the gold leaf and the bigger the angle. Work is done against an attractive force to pull the electrons up so the angle represents potential energy. The graph looked like A below:
If we pulled the plates apart, the potential difference would be the same but the field would be weaker. So field strength is represented by the gradient of this graph. However, we went from - to + whereas the direction of an electric field is from + to -. To sort this out, we insert a - sign:
Field strength = - potential gradient